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CHAPTER 7 Programming Technical Reference - IBM Copyright 1988, Dave Williams DOS File Structure File Management Functions Use DOS function calls to create, open, close, read, write, rename, find, and erase files. There are two sets of function calls that DOS provides for support of file management. They are: * File Control Block function calls (0Fh-24h) * Handle function calls (39h-62h) Handle function calls are easier to use and are more powerful than FCB calls. Microsoft recommends that the handle function calls be used when writing new programs. DOS 3.0 up have been curtailing use of FCB function calls; it is possible that future versions of DOS may not support FCB function calls. The following table compares the use of FCB calls to Handle function calls: FCB Calls Handle Calls Access files in current Access files in ANY directory directory only. Requires the application Does not require use of an FCB. program to maintain a file Requires a string with the drive, control block to open, path, and filename to open, create, create, rename or delete rename, or delete a file. For file a file. For I/O requests, I/O requests, the application program the application program must maintain a 16 bit file handle also needs an FCB that is supplied by DOS. The only reason an application should use FCB function calls is to maintain the ability to run under DOS 1.x. To to this, the program may use only function calls 00h-2Eh. FCB FUNCTION CALLS FCB function calls require the use of one File Control Block per open file, which is maintained by the application program and DOS. The application program supplies a pointer to the FCB and fills in ther appropriate fields required by the specific function call. An FCB function call can perform file management on any valid drive, but only in the current logged directory. By using the current block, current record, and record length fields of the FCB, you can perform sequential I/O by using the sequential read or write function calls. Random I/O can be performed by filling in the random record and record length fields. Several possible uses of FCB type calls are considered programming errors and should not be done under any circumstances to avoid problems with file sharing and compatibility with later versions of DOS. Some errors are: 1) If program uses the same FCB structure to access more than one open file. By opening a file using an FCB, doing I/O, and then replacing the filename field in the file control block with a new filename, a program can open a second file using the same FCB. This is invalid because DOS writes control info- rmation about the file into the reserved fields of the FCB. If the program then replaces the filename field with the original filename and then tries to perform I/O on this file, DOS may become confused because the control info- rmation has been changed. An FCB should never be used to open a second file without closing the one that is currently open. If more than one File Control Block is to be open concurrently, separate FCBs should be used. 2) A program should never try to use the reserved fields in the FCB, as the function of the fields changes with different versions of DOS. 3) A delete or a rename on a file that is currently open is considered an error and should not be attempted by an application program. It is also good programming practice to close all files when I/O is done. This avoids potential file sharing problems that require a limit on the number of files concurrently open using FCB function calls. HANDLE FUNCTION CALLS The recommended method of file management is by using the extended "handle" set of function calls. These calls are not restricted to the current directory. Also, the handle calls allow the application program to define the type of access that other processes can have concurrently with the same file if the file is being shared. To create or open a file, the application supplies a pointer to an ASCIIZ string giving the name and location of the file. The ASCIIZ string contains an optional drive letter, optional path, mandatory file specification, and a terminal byte of 00h. The following is an example of an ASCIIZ string: format [drive][path] filename.ext,0 DB "A:\path\filename.ext",0 If the file is being created, the application program also supplies the attribute of the file. This is a set of values that defines the file read only, hidden, system, directory, or volume label. If the file is being opened, the program can define the sharing and access modes that the file is opened in. The access mode informs DOS what operations your program will perform on this file (read-only, write-only, or read/write) The sharing mode controls the type of operations other processes may perform concurrently on the file. A program can also control if a child process inherits the open files of the parent. The sharing mode has meaning only if file sharing is loaded when the file is opened. To rename or delete a file, the appplication program simply needs to provide a pointer to the ASCIIZ string containing the name and location of the file and another string with the neew name if the file is being renamed. The open or create function calls return a 16-bit value referred to as the file handle. To do any I/O to a file, the program uses the handle to reference the file. Once a file is opened, a program no longer needs to maintain the ASCIIZ string pointing to the file, nor is there any need to stay in the same directory. DOS keeps track of the location of the file regardless of what directory is current. Sequential I/O can be performed using the handle read (3Fh) or write (40h) function calls. The offset in the file that IO is performed to is automatically moved to the end of what was just read or written. If random I/O is desired, the LSEEK (42h) function call can be used to set the offset into the file where I/O is to be performed. SPECIAL FILE HANDLES DOS reserves five special file handles for use by itself and applications programs. They are: 0000h STDIN Standard Input Device 0001h STDOUT Standard Output Device 0002h STDERR Standard Error Output Device 0003h STDAUX Standard Auxiliary Device 0004h STDPRN Standard Printer Device These handles are predefined by DOS and can be used by an application program. They do not need to be opened by a program, although a program can close these handles. STDIN should be treated as a read-only file, and STDOUT and STDERR should be treated as write-only files. STDIN and STDOUT can be redirected. All handles inherited by a process can be redirected, but not at the command line. These handles are very useful for doing I/O to and from the console device. For example, you could read input from the keyboard using the read (3Fh) function call and file handle 0000h (STDIN), and write output to the console screen with the write function call (40h) and file handle 0001h (STDOUT). If you wanted an output that could not be redirected, you could output it using file handle 0002h (STDERR). This is very useful for error messages that must be seen by a user. File handles 0003h (STDAUX) and 0004h (STDPRN) can be both read from and written to. STDAUX is typically a serial device and STDPRN is usually a parallel device. ASCII and BINARY MODE I/O to files is done in binary mode. This means that the data is read or written without modification. However, DOS can also read or write to devices in ASCII mode. In ASCII mode, DOS does some string processing and modification to the characters read and written. The predefined handles are in ASCII mode when initialized by DOS. All other file handles that don't refer to devices are in binary mode. A program, can use the IOCTL (44h) function call to set the mode that I/O is to a device. The predefined file handles are all devices, so the mode can be changed from ASCII to binary via IOCTL. Regular file handles that are not devices are always in binary mode and cannot be changed to ASCII mode. The ASCII/BINARY bit was called "raw" in DOS 2.x, but it is called ASCII/BINARY in DOS 3.x. The predefined file handles STDIN (0000h) and STDOUT (0001h) and STDERR (0002h) are all duplicate handles. If the IOCTL function call is used to change the mode of any of these three handles, the mode of all three handles is changed. For example, if IOCTL was used to change STDOUT to binary mode, then STDIN and STDERR would also be changed to binary mode. FILE I/O IN BINARY (RAW) MODE The following is true when a file is read in binary mode: 1) The characters ^S (scroll lock), ^P (print screen), ^C (control break) are not checked for during the read. Therefore, no printer echo occurs if ^S or ^P are read. 2) There is no echo to STDOUT (0001h). 3) Read the number of specified bytes and returns immediately when the last byte is received or the end of file reached. 4) Allows no editing of the ine input using the function keys if the input is from STDIN (0000h). The following is true when a file is written to in binary mode: 1) The characters ^S (scroll lock), ^P (print screen), ^C (control break) are not checked for during the write. Therefore, no printer echo occurs. 2) There is no echo to STDOUT (0001h). 3) The exact number of bytes specified are written. 4) Does not caret (^) control characters. For example, ctrl-D is sent out as byte 04h instead of the two bytes ^ and D. 5) Does not expand tabs into spaces. FILE I/O IN ASCII (COOKED) MODE The following is true when a file is read in ASCII mode: 1) Checks for the characters ^C,^S, and ^P. 2) Returns as many characters as there are in the device input buffer, or the number of characters requested, whichever is less. If the number of characters requested was less than the number of characters in the device buffer, then the next read will address the remaining characters in the buffer. 3) If there are no more bytes remaining in the device input buffer, read a line (terminated by ^M) into the buffer. This line may be edited with the function keys. The characters returned terminated with a sequence of 0Dh, 0Ah (^M,^J) if the number of characters requested is sufficient to include them. For example, if 5 characters were requested, and only 3 were entered before the carriage return (0Dh or ^M) was presented to DOS from the console device, then the 3 characters entered and 0Dh and 0Ah would be returned. However, if 5 characters were requested and 7 were entered before the carriage return, only the first 5 characters would be returned. No 0Dh,0Ah sequence would be returned in this case. If less than the number of characters requested are entered when the carriage return is received, the characters received and 0Dh,0Ah would be returned. The reason the 0Ah (linefeed or ^J) is added to the returned characters is to make the devices look like text files. 4) If a 1Ah (^Z) is found, the input is terminated at that point. No 0Dh,0Ah (CR,LF) sequence is added to the string. 5) Echoing is performed. 6) Tabs are expanded. The following is true when a file is written to in ASCII mode: 1) The characters ^S,^P,and ^C are checked for during the write operation. 2) Expands tabs to 8-character boundaries and fills with spaces (20h). 3) Carets control characters, for example, ^D is written as two bytes, ^ and D. 4) Bytes are output until the number specified is output or a ^Z is encountered. The number actually output is returned to the user. NUMBER OF OPEN FILES ALLOWED The number of files that can be open concurrently is restricted by DOS. This number is determined by how the file is opened or created (FCB or handle function call) and the number specified by the FCBS and FILES commands in the CONFIG.SYS file. The number of files allowed open by FCB function calls and the number of files that can be opened by handle type calls are independent of one another. RESTRICTIONS ON FCB USAGE If file sharing is not loaded using the SHARE command, there are no restrictions on the nuumber of files concurrently open using FCB function calls. However, when file sharing is loaded, the maximum number of FCBs open is set by the the FCBS command in the CONFIG.SYS file. The FCBS command has two values you can specify, 'm' and 'n'. The value for 'm' specifies the number of files that can be opened by FCBs, and the value 'n' specifies the number of FCBs that are protected from being closed. When the maximum number of FCB opens is exceeded, DOS automatically closes the least recently used file. Any attempt to access this file results in an int 24h critical error message "FCB not availible". If this occurs while an application program is running, the value specified for 'm' in the FCBS command should be increased. When DOS determines the least recently used file to close, it does not include the first 'n' files opened, therefore the first 'n' files are protected from being closed. RESTRICTIONS ON HANDLE USAGE The number of files that can be open simultaneously by all processes is determined by the FILES command in the CONFIG.SYS file. The number of files a single process can open depends on the value specified for the FILES command. If FILES is greater than or equal to 20, a single process can open 20 files. If FILES is less than 20, the process can open less than 20 files. This value includes three predefined handles: STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR. This means only 17 additional handles can be added. DOS 3.3 includes a function to use more than 20 files per application. ALLOCATING SPACE TO A FILE Files are not nescessarily written sequentially on a disk. Space is allocated as needed and the next location availible on the disk is allocated as space for the next file being written. Therefore, if considerable file generation has taken place, newly created files will not be written in sequential sectors. However, due to the mapping (chaining) of file space via the File Allocation Table (FAT) and the function calls availible, any file may be used in either a sequential or random manner. Space is allocated in increments called clusters. Cluster size varies according to the media type. An application program should not concern itself with the way that DOS allocates space to a file. The size of a cluster is only important in that it determines the smallest amount of space that can be allocated to a file. A disk is considered full when all clusters have been allocated to files. MSDOS / PCDOS DIFFERENCES There is a problem of compatibility between MS-DOS and IBM PC-DOS having to do with FCB Open and Create. The IBM 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 documentation of OPEN (call 0Fh) contains the following statement: "The current block field (FCB bytes C-D) is set to zero [when an FCB is opened]." This statement is NOT true of MS-DOS 1.25 or MS-DOS 2.00. The difference is intentional, and the reason is CP/M 1.4 compatibility. Zeroing that field is not CP/M compatible. Some CP/M programs will not run when machine translated if that field is zeroed. The reason it is zeroed in the IBM versions is that IBM specifically requested that it be zeroed. This is the reason for the complaints from some vendors about the fact that IBM MultiPlan will not run under MS-DOS. It is probably the reason that some other IBM programs don't run under MS-DOS. NOTE: Do what all MS/PC-DOS Systems programs do: Set every single FCB field you want to use regardless of what the documentation says is initialized. .EXE FILE STRUCTURE The EXE files produced by the Linker program consist of two parts, control and relocation information and the load module itself. The control and relocation information, which is described below, is at the beginning of the file in an area known as the header. The load module immediately follows the header. The load module begins in the memory image of the module contructed by the Linker. When you are loading a file with the name *.EXE, DOS does NOT assume that it is an EXE format file. It looks at the first two bytes for a signature telling it that it is an EXE file. If it has the proper signature, then the load proceeds. Otherwise, it presumes the file to be a .COM format file. If the file has the EXE signature, then the internal consistency is checked. Pre-2.0 versions of MSDOS did not check the signature byte for EXE files. The .EXE format can support programs larger than 64K. It does this by allowing separate segments to be defined for code, data, and the stack, each of which can be up to 64K long. Programs in EXE format may contain explicit references to segment addresses. A header in the EXE file has information for DOS to resolve these references. The .EXE header is formatted as follows: ┌─────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Offset │ C O N T E N T S │ ├─────────┼─────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 00h │ 4Dh │ This is the Linker's signature to mark the file as a valid │ ├─────────┼─────┤ .EXE file (The ASCII letters M and Z, for Mark Zbikowski, │ │ 01h │ 5Ah │ one of the major designers of DOS at Microsoft) │ ├─────────┼─────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 02h-03h │ Length of the image mod 512 (remainder after dividing the load │ │ │ module image by 512) │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 04h-05h │ Size of the file in 512 byte pages including the header. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 06h-07h │ Number of relocation table items. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 08h-09h │ Size of the header in 16 byte increments (paragraphs). This is │ │ │ used to locate the beginning of the load module in the file. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 0Ah-0Bh │ Minimum number of 16 byte paragraphs required above the end of │ │ │ the loaded program. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 0Ch-0Dh │ Maximum number of 16 byte paragraphs required above the end of │ │ │ the loaded program. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 0Eh-0Fh │ Displacement in paragraphs of stack segment within load module. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 10h-11h │ Offset to be in SP register when the module is given control. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 12h-13h │ Word Checksum - negative sum of all the words in the file, │ │ │ ignoring overflow. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 14h-15h │ Offset to be in the IP register when the module is given control. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 16h-17h │ Displacement in paragraphs of code segment within load module. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 18h-19h │ Displacement in bytes of the first relocation item in the file. │ ├─────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 1Ah-1Bh │ Overlay number (0 for the resident part of the program) │ └─────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ THE RELOCATION TABLE The word at 18h locates the first entry in the relocation table. The relocation table is made up of a variable number of relocation items. The number of items is contained at offset 06-07. The relocation item contains two fields - a 2 byte offset value, followed by a 2 byte segment value. These two fields represent the displacement into the load module before the module is given control. The process is called relocation and is accomplished as follows: 1. A Program Segment Prefix is built following the resident portion of the program that is performing the load operation. 2. The formatted part of the header is read into memory (its size is at offset 08-09) 3. The load module size is determined by subtracting the header size from the file size. Offsets 04-05 and 08-09 can be used for this calculation. The actual size is downward adjusted based on the contents of offsets 02-03. Note that all files created by the Linker programs prior to version 1.10 always placed a value of 4 at this location, regardless of the actual program size. Therefore, Microsoft recommends that this field be ignored if it contains a value of 4. Based on the setting of the high/low loader switch, an appropriate segment is determined for loading the load module. This segment is called the start segment. 4. The load module is read into memory beginning at the start segment. The relocation table is an ordered list of relocation items. The first relocation item is the one that has the lowest offset in the file. 5. The relocation table items are read into a work area one or more at a time. 6. Each relocation table item segment value is added to the start segment value. The calculated segment, in conjunction with the relocation item offset value, points to a word in the load module to which is added the start segment value. The result is placed back into the word in the load module. 7. Once all the relocation items have been processed, the SS and SP registers are set from the values in the header and the start segment value is added to SS. The ES and DS registers are set to the segment address of the program segment prefix. The start segment value is added to the header CS register value. The result, along with the header IP value, is used to give the module control. "NEW" .EXE FORMAT (Microsoft Windows and OS/2) The "old" EXE format is documented here. The "new" EXE format puts more information into the header section and is currently used in applications that run under Microsoft Windows. The linker that creates these files comes with the Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit and is called LINK4. If you try to run a Windows-linked program under DOS, you will get the error message "This program requires Microsoft Windows".